SISTER MAUDE – CHRISTINA
ROSSETTI
Christina Rossetti begins
her poem “Sister Maude” with two similar questions, asking who
told her parents about her 'shame'. We do not know at this point what
the narrator's shame is, but it gradually becomes clear that she was
having an affair with a handsome man. In Victorian times when
Rossetti was writing, this would certainly have been considered
shameful. The narrator answers the questions in the first quatrain,
naming her sister Maude as the person who told her parents what was
happening. The quatrain ends with the narrator's comment that Maude
was spying on her sister; the word 'lurked' conveys the feeling of
furtiveness and slyness. The fact that the narrator says 'who but
Maude' when answering the questions shows that no-one else would have
betrayed the narrator in this way, that Maude was a despicable
sister.
The second quatrain
focuses on the narrator's lover. The word 'cold' is emphasised by
its position as the initial word, and also by its repetition in the
simile 'as cold as stone' in the first line. The phrase 'Cold he
lies' tells us that he is now dead. In the second line of this
quatrain, Rossetti uses alliteration in 'clotted curls', a phrase
that also echoes the initial sound of 'cold'. The description
suggests that his once beautiful hair is now possibly congealed with
blood. Again in this quatrain's third line we find alliteration with
the hard 'c' sound in the phrase 'comeliest corpse'. Even in death,
the man is very handsome, so handsome that the final line of the
quatrain tells us that he could be the lover of a queen.
In the third quatrain the
narrator speaks directly to her sister, wishing that Maude had spared
the soul of the man as well as the two sisters. We now understand
that it was Maude who murdered the man. She was obviously jealous,
and it appears that the narrator was more attractive than Maude. The
narrator conveys this idea in saying that even if she had never been
born, the man would not have considered having an affair with Maude.
The narrator turns to the
fate of her family in the fourth quatrain. She knows that her father
is at peace in heaven, or 'Paradise', whereas her mother waits at its
gate. This may mean that her mother has just recently died. The
narrator knows, however, that Sister Maude will never go to heaven
because she has committed murder: she will 'get no sleep'. The phrase
'Either early or late' that concludes the quatrain likely means that
Maude is still alive, but her conscience will not allow her any peace
or sleep.
The final stanza of
'Sister Maude' stands out as it has six lines compared to the four
lines of the previous stanzas. The narrator once again refers to her
parents: she believes that her father in heaven perhaps wears 'a
golden crown', conveying the idea that he must have lived an
admirable life. Again we have the impression that her mother may be
not long dead, as she 'may win' a crown in heaven. The narrator then
focuses on herself and her lover. She believes that even though they
were having an affair, having been cruelly murdered they may be
allowed to go to heaven if they 'knocked at Heaven-gate'. In the
final two lines of the poem, the narrator once again addresses Sister
Maude directly, repeating her name in the penultimate line. She ends
the poem by telling Maude in no uncertain terms that she will have to
live, or 'Bide', 'with death and sin'. The word 'you' is emphasised
with italics, drawing attention to the contrast between the fate of
Maude and the rest of the family.
The poem's structure is
regular in that all but the final stanza are quatrains; the last
stanza has six lines, allowing Rossetti to comment on the fate of her
parents, her lover, herself and finally her sister. The rhyme scheme
is ABCB for the quatrains, and ABCBDB for the final stanza. The fact
that the first and third lines have no rhymes gives Rossetti more
freedom in her choice of vocabulary.
The notes in 'Christina
Rossetti – The Complete Poems' (Penguin Classics) suggest that
Rossetti was influenced in composing “Sister Maude” by Alfred
Lord Tennyson's poem “The Sister's Shame”. Both follow the same
theme, but Tennyson's version is written from the point of view of
the sister who killed the man. A further suggestion is that both
Rossetti and Tennyson were influenced by Walter Scott's “Minstrelsy”.
Death is a recurring theme
in her poetry, and Christina Rossetti must also have been affected by
her voluntary work at Highgate Penitentiary, a home for 'fallen'
women. Her contact here with criminals of various kinds that may well
have lead her to compose “Sister Maude”. She explores a
relationship between two sisters that is destroyed because of Maude's
jealousy of her sister's looks and the attentions of her handsome
lover. After initially spying on her sister, Maude goes to the
extreme lengths of murder to vent her spite. Rossetti, a deeply
religious woman, concentrates on the fact that peace in heaven awaits
those, such as her parents, who lead an honourable life. Her
conclusion is that Maude will be haunted by her crime and will never
find peace of mind.
Here is the full text of
“Sister Maude”
Who told my mother of my
shame,
Who told my father of my
dear?
Oh who but Maude, my
sister Maude,
Who lurked to spy and
peer.
Cold he lies, as cold as
stone,
With his clotted curls
about his face:
The comeliest corpse in
all the world
And worthy of a queen's
embrace.
You might have spared his
soul, sister,
Have spared my soul,
your own soul too:
Though I had not been born
at all,
He'd never have looked
at you.
My father may sleep in
Paradise,
My mother at
Heaven-gate;
But sister Maude shall get
no sleep
Either early or late.
My father may wear a
golden gown,
My mother a crown may
win;
If my dear and I knocked
at Heaven-gate
Perhaps they'd let us
in:
But sister Maude, oh
sister Maude,
Bide you
with death and sin.
Reference
Christina
Rossetti – The Complete Poems, Penguin Classics, 2005 (with
introduction by Betty Flowers).
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